The authors provide a powerful description of how we use metaphors in everyday language without even knowing that we are doing so. They investigate how these metaphors are not only a reflection of our thinking processes, but how they shape those very processes.

Lamb, H. The Dynamical Theory of Sound, 2nd ed. New York: Dover, 1960.

A classic book on the physics of sound and sound-producing events.

Laurel, B. "Interface as Mimesis." In User-Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interface, edited by D. A. Norman and S. W. Draper. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1986.

The author introduces the analogy between using a computer and attending a drama; she suggests that users' engagement with a system is an important dimension to be considered in design.

Loomis, J. M., C. Hebert, and J. G. Cicinelli. "Active Localization of Virtual Sounds." J. Acous. Soc. Am. 88 (1990): 1757--1764.

As part of a larger project to produce the user interface for a personal navigation system, the authors developed a low-cost, computer-controlled, analog, virtual sound display system that does not use direction-dependent pinna cues. Using only interaural time difference and interaural intensity difference coupled with head orientation, they found that subjects could home to virtual sound sources quite well, and found some indications that the virtual sounds were perceived as being externalized. While the use of HRTFs may produce more realistic displays, this study shows the potential of simple virtual auditory displays, e.g., for navigation tasks.

Lovstrand, L. "Being Selectively Aware with the Khronika System." In Proceedings of ECSCW '91, held September 25--27, 1991, in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

The author describes an event database that uses nonspeech audio cues amongst its techniques for notifying users about events.

Lunney, D., and R. C. Morrison. "High-Technology Laboratory Aids for Visually Handicapped Chemistry Students." J. Chem. Ed. 58(3) (1981): 228--231.

The authors present analytical chemistry data from infrared spectral to visually impaired students. The pitch of a tone was made proportional to the frequency location of the infrared peak it represents. In informal tests, subjects were able to accurately identify a range of learned compounds.